Direct and Indirect speech- Practical learning
Direct and Indirect Speech Based on Tenses (Full Notes & Examples)
Direct and Indirect Speech is an important topic in English grammar, especially for students in secondary schools. Understanding how tenses change when reporting someone’s words helps learners speak and write correctly. This post explains all rules, tense changes, and examples based on the syllabus. Your original examples have been improved and expanded for better understanding.
1. What is Direct Speech?
Direct Speech refers to the exact words spoken by a person. The words appear inside quotation marks.
Example:
John said, “I am tired.”
John said, “I am tired.”
2. What is Indirect Speech?
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) tells what someone said without using their exact words. Quotation marks are removed and pronouns, tenses, and time expressions change.
Example:
John said that he was tired.
John said that he was tired.
3. Rules for Changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech
A. Change of Pronouns
Pronouns change according to the speaker and listener.
B. Change of Tenses (Backshifting)
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| Simple Present | Simple Past |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect (or unchanged) |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous (or unchanged) |
| Past Perfect | Unchanged |
| Will / Shall | Would |
C. Change of Time Expressions
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| yesterday | the previous day |
| now | then |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
4. Direct and Indirect Speech Based on Tenses
1. Simple Present → Simple Past
Examples:
- John said, “I write a letter.” → John said that he wrote a letter.
- Mhini said, “I like teaching.” → Mhini said that he liked teaching.
2. Simple Past → Past Perfect (or unchanged)
- Anna said, “I bought a car yesterday.” → Anna said that she had bought a car the previous day.
- Mariam said, “I killed a lion.” → Mariam said that she had killed a lion. / Mariam said that she killed a lion.
3. Present Continuous → Past Continuous
- John said, “I am going to church.” → John said that he was going to church.
- Majura said to Bundala, “I am writing a letter.” → Majura told Bundala that he was writing a letter.
4. Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous (or unchanged)
- Nelson said, “I was playing cricket.” → Nelson said that he had been playing cricket.
5. Present Perfect → Past Perfect
- Iddy said, “I have done my task.” → Iddy said that he had done his task.
- Amina said, “I have played netball.” → Amina said that she had played netball.
6. Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
- He said, “I have been reading a novel.” → He said that he had been reading a novel.
- Samson said to Mary, “I have been waiting for you.” → Samson told Mary that he had been waiting for her.
7. Past Perfect → Unchanged
- Shantel said, “I had finished the work.” → Shantel said that she had finished the work.
- She said, “We had slept already when you called.” → She said that they had slept already when he called.
8. Past Perfect Continuous → Unchanged
- David said, “I had been thinking of marrying a rich girl.” → David said that he had been thinking of marrying a rich girl.
- Martha said, “We had been doing exams the whole term.” → Martha said that they had been doing exams the whole term.
9. Simple Future (Will/Shall) → Would
- He said, “I will go to London tomorrow.” → He said that he would go to London the next day.
- Abooki said, “I will marry when I want.” → Abooki said that she would marry when she wanted.
10. Modals in Indirect Speech
- “I must go now,” John said. → John said that he had to go then.
- “You may go now,” I said to Shija. → I told Shija that he might go then.
- “You can take it tomorrow,” the teacher said. → The teacher said that he could take it the following day.
- “You had better consult a doctor,” mother said. → Mother said that I had better consult a doctor.
- “You ought to love your parents,” the pastor said. → The pastor said that they ought to love their parents.
- Mhini said, “I used to write love stories.” → Mhini said that he used to write love stories.
- The manager said, “You have to come back tomorrow.” → The manager said that I had to come back the next day.
5. Practice Exercises
Change the following into indirect speech:
- “I am happy today,” she said.
- “We will visit the museum tomorrow,” they said.
- “I have finished my homework,” Juma said.
- “She was cooking rice,” Amina said.
- “You must study hard,” the teacher said.
